1867 Reportof the select committee on the New Orleans Riots. Bound 1st edition. 596Pages. 6 X 9 1/4.Some toning, foxing and staining.
New Orleans riotFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaNew Orleans riotPart of theReconstruction EraThe riot in New Orleans – murdering negroes in the rear of Mechanics\' Institute; Platform in Mechanics\' Institute after the riot,Harper\'s Weekly, 1866DateJuly 30, 1866LocationNew Orleans,LouisianaCausesLouisiana State Constitutional ConventionResultMartial law declaredParties to the civil conflictDemocrat total, 44African Americanskilled, and 4Whiteskilled
TheNew Orleans riot, which occurred on July 30, 1866, was a violent conflict in which whites attacked blacks parading outside theMechanics InstituteinNew Orleans, where a reconvenedLouisianaConstitutional Convention was being held. TheRadical Republicansin Louisiana had called for the Convention as they were angered by the legislature\'s enactment of theBlack Codesand its refusal to give black men the vote. Democrats considered the reconvened convention to be illegal and were suspicious of Republican attempts to increase their power in the state. The riot \"stemmed from deeply rooted political, social, and economic causes,\"[1]and took place in part because of the battle \"between two opposing factions for power and office.\"[1]There were a total of 150 black casualties including 44 killed. In addition, three white Radical Republicans were killed as was one white protester.[2]
During much of theAmerican Civil War, New Orleans had been occupied and under martial law imposed by theUnion. On May 12, 1866 MayorJohn T. Monroewas reinstated as acting mayor, the position he held before the war. Judge R. K. Howell was elected as chairman of the convention, with the goal of increasing participation by voters likely to vote Republican.[3]
The riot expressed conflicts deeply rooted within the social structure ofLouisiana. It was a continuation of the war: more than half of the whites wereConfederateveterans, and nearly half of the blacks were veterans of the Union army. The national reaction of outrage at theMemphis riots of 1866and this riot nearly three months later led to Republicans gaining a majority in theUnited States House of Representativesand theSenatein the1866 election, and support for theFourteenth Amendment, extending suffrage and full citizenship to freedmen, and theReconstruction Act, to establish military districts to oversee areas of the South and work to change their social arrangements.
Contents[hide]
- 1Tension builds
- 2The riot
- 3National reaction: a Republican Congress
- 4See also
- 5References
- 6External links
Tension builds[edit]
The state Constitutional Convention of 1864 gave greater freedoms to blacks within Louisiana but did not provide for voting rights for any people of color.Free people of colorhad long been an important part of New Orleans for decades and were established as a separate class before United States annexation of the territory. Many were educated and owned property, and were seeking the vote. In addition, Republicans had the goals of extending the suffrage tofreedmenand eliminating theBlack Codespassed by the legislature. They reconvened the convention, and succeeded in these goals.[4]
Democrats considered the reconvened convention to be illegal, as they said that the voters (although limited to whites only) had accepted the constitution. In addition, they argued legal technicalities: the elected chairman Howell had left the original convention before its conclusion and was therefore was not considered a member, the constitution was accepted by the people, and the radicals, only 25 of whom were present at the convention of 1864, did not make up a majority of the original convention.
On July 27, the black supporters of the convention, including approximately 200 black war veterans, met at the steps of the Mechanics Institute. They were stirred by speeches ofabolitionistactivists, most notably Anthony Paul Dostie and formerGovernor of LouisianaMichael Hahn. The men proposed a parade to the Mechanics Institute on the day of the convention to show their support.
The riot[edit]
The convention met at noon on July 30, but a lack of aquorumcaused postponement to 1:30.[5]When the convention members left the building, they were met by the black marchers with their marching band. On the corner of Common and Dryades streets, across from the Mechanics Institute, a group of armed whites awaited the black marchers.[6]This group was composed ofDemocratswho opposed abolition; most were ex-Confederates who wanted to disrupt the convention and the threat of the increasing power of blacks in the state.
It is not known which group fired first, but within minutes there was a battle in the streets. The black marchers were unprepared and many were unarmed; they rapidly dispersed, with many seeking refuge within the Mechanics Institute. The white mob brutally attacked blacks on the street and some entered the building. Federal troops responded to suppress the riot, and jailed many of the white insurgents. The governor declared the city under martial law until August 3.
National reaction: a Republican Congress[edit]
The national reaction to the New Orleans riot and to a similar incident inMemphis, was one of heightened concern about the currentReconstructionstrategy and desire for a change of leadership. In the 1866House of RepresentativesandSenateelections, the Republicans won in a landslide, gaining 77% of the seats in Congress.[7]
Early in 1867, theFirst Reconstruction Actwas passed – over the President\'s veto[8]– to provide for more federal control in the South. Military districts were created to govern until violence could be suppressed and a more democratic political system established. Under the act,Louisianawas put into theFifth Military District. Ex-Confederates, mostly white Democrats, were temporarily disfranchised, and the right of suffrage was to be enforced forfree people of color. Politicians associated with the riot were dismissed from office.
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